Army Gen. Christopher Cavoli, the supreme allied commander Europe and commander of U.S. European Command, spoke at the Aspen Security Forum about the challenges facing NATO nations in defending alliance territory from aggression. He highlighted the major change in focus and readiness that the NATO alliance is currently undergoing, with looming threats from Russia and China. Cavoli explained the shift in strategy since he became NATO’s combatant commander, following the Madrid Summit in 2022, where NATO leaders implemented a strategy to deter Russia and defend the alliance’s territory.
Following the Cold War, NATO shifted its focus to out-of-area operations in places like the Balkans, Kosovo, and Afghanistan, deploying smaller forces for specific periods. However, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine prompted NATO to refocus on collective territorial defense, requiring standing forces at standing levels of readiness in specific geographic areas. Operational plans were developed for northwest Europe, the center of Europe, and southeast Europe, outlining how to defend these regions with the necessary forces and methods. The need for more NATO troops ready to fight when needed has led to increased military spending by member nations.
Cavoli emphasized the importance of supporting Ukraine for U.S. and European security, but also highlighted the need to prepare for the post-conflict scenario with Russia. He warned that Russia will likely reconstitute its forces, remain on NATO’s borders, and view the alliance as an adversary, posing a significant challenge. It is crucial for NATO to continue supporting Ukraine and be prepared for the aftermath of the conflict. Cavoli stressed that European allies see Russia’s invasion of Ukraine as an existential threat, and Americans need to understand the seriousness of the situation and the concerns about the stability of the continent and the survival of their states.
The changes within NATO, including increased military spending, updated command and control structures, exercise programs, and force posture across Europe, are aimed at strengthening the alliance’s focus on collective territorial defense. The progress made since the Madrid Summit in 2022, such as meeting the 2% of GDP spending target by 23 member nations and developing a military requirements shopping list, reflects a commitment to enhancing NATO’s readiness and capabilities. Cavoli expressed optimism about the advances being made within NATO to address the current challenges and ensure the alliance remains prepared to defend its territory against potential threats from Russia and other adversaries.
